(2012). In effect, followers have used information power to level theplaying field. Although they are differentin scope, Kotter (1990, pp. Academic institu-tions throughout the country have responded by providing programs inleadership studies.In addition, leadership has gained the attention of researchers worldwide. Management Sci- ence, 28(3), 315–336.Kellerman, B. Gender and Leadership 397Crystal L. Hoyt and Stefanie SimonDescription 397The Glass Ceiling Turned Labyrinth 398Evidence of the Leadership Labyrinth 398Understanding the Labyrinth 399Gender Differences in Leadership Stylesand Effectiveness 401Navigating the Labyrinth 406Strengths 409Criticisms 410Application 411Case Studies 411Case 15.1 The “Glass Ceiling” 412Case 15.2 Lack of Inclusion and Credibility 413Case 15.3 Pregnancy as a Barrier to Job Status 414Leadership Instrument 415The Gender–Leader Implicit Association Test 416Summary 419References 42016. 371–382), New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.was assigned or emerged. It also increases the possibility that leadersand followers will work together toward a common good (Rost, 1991).  The Ethical Dimension of Leadership  Effective Leadership, Chapter 1 Introduction   7Throughout this text, the people who engage in leadership will be calledleaders, and those toward whom leadership is directed will be called followers.Both leaders and followers are involved together in the leadership process.Leaders need followers, and followers need leaders (Burns, 1978; Heller &Van Til, 1983; Hollander, 1992; Jago, 1982). Preface   xixAudience This book provides both an in-depth presentation of leadership theory anda discussion of how it applies to real-life situations. If we were to comprise our integrity and have a lapse of judgment, it could have a critical impact on the national security of millions of US civilians. In essence, the second surveyvalidated the original trait idea that a leader’s characteristics are indeed apart of leadership.Similar to the first survey, Stogdill’s second survey also identified traits thatwere positively associated with leadership.The list included the following 10characteristics: 1. drive for responsibility and task completion; 2. vigor and persistence in pursuit of goals; 3. risk taking and originality in problem solving; 4. drive to exercise initiative in social situations; 5. self-confidence and sense of personal identity; 6. willingness to accept consequences of decision and action; 7. readiness to absorb interpersonal stress; 8. willingness to tolerate frustration and delay; 9. ability to influence other people’s behavior; and 10. capacity to structure social interaction systems to the purpose at hand.Mann (1959) conducted a similar study that examined more than 1,400findings regarding traits and leadership in small groups, but he placed lessemphasis on how situational factors influenced leadership. Leadership—Case studies. conceptualizing, putting followers first, and behaving ethically) that better assistances in its ideal organizational performance and societal impact. It is particularly well suited as asupplementary text for core organizational behavior courses or as an over-view text within MBA curricula. I am a firm believer that the US Army could sustain itself without the help of outside organizations. Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader(2004) included such social abilities in the categories of leadership traits theyoutlined as important leadership attributes (see Table 2.1).Table 2.1 provides a summary of the traits and characteristics that wereidentified by researchers from the trait approach. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. Transformational Leadership 161Description 161Transformational Leadership Defined 162Transformational Leadership and Charisma 164A Model of Transformational Leadership 166Transformational Leadership Factors 167Transactional Leadership Factors 171Nonleadership Factor 172Other Transformational Perspectives 172Bennis and Nanus 172Kouzes and Posner 174, How Does the Transformational Approach Work? 274Strengths 275Criticisms 276Application 277Case Studies 279Case 11.1 Silence, Stigma, andMental Illness 279Case 11.2 Taming Bacchus 281Case 11.3 Redskins No More 283Leadership Instrument 286Adaptive Leadership Questionnaire 287Summary 292References 29312. Your example of eating according to rank, beginning with the lower ranking Soldiers, is a familiar one that speaks to a leader putting the needs of followers ahead of their own. In both cases, these managers’ power is ascribed to them byothers, based on how they are seen in their relationships with others. From this perspective, leadership emergence is thedegree to which a person fits with the identity of the group as a whole. This is one of the first things you notice as a new recruit in basic training. Based ontheir analysis of a series of recent studies on intelligence and various indicesof leadership, Zaccaro et al. ).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Fayol, H. (1916). Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us. Some of the traits that are centralto this list include intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, andsociability (Table 2.2).IntelligenceIntelligence or intellectual ability is positively related to leadership. Furthermore, these influential women were also rated as signifi-cantly less likable than comparably influential men were. Leaders with higher abilities mayhave difficulty communicating with followers because they are preoccupiedor because their ideas are too advanced for their followers to accept.An example of a leader for whom intelligence was a key trait was Steve Jobs,founder and CEO of Apple who died in 2011. 29Strengths 30Criticisms 30, Application 32Case Studies 32Case 2.1 Choosing a New Director of Research 33Case 2.2 A Remarkable Turnaround 34Case 2.3 Recruiting for the Bank 36Leadership Instrument 37Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ) 38Summary 40References 41  3. Being similar to the prototype makes leaders attractive to the groupand gives them influence with the group.The leadership approaches we discuss in the subsequent chapters of thisbook apply equally to assigned leadership and emergent leadership. He believed he knew moreabout it than anyone else, and he probably did,” said a colleague (Stone, 2011).DeterminationMany leaders also exhibit determination. Being determined includes showing dominance at times and insituations where followers need to be directed.Dr. (2012, September 10). ), Studies in social power (pp. A coach who sits players on the bench for being late to practice is using coercive power.Information Derived from possessing knowledge that others want or need.Power A boss who has information regarding new criteria to decide employee promotion eligibility has information power.SOURCE: Adapted from “The Bases of Social Power,” by J. R. French Jr. and B. Raven, 1962, inD. New York: Free Press.Moore, B. V. (1927).The May conference on leadership. Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit-level organizational citizenship behavior. 18  Leadership Theory and PracticeFleishman, E. A., Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Levin, K. Y., Korotkin, A. L., & Hein, M. B. Adaptive Leadership 257Description 257Adaptive Leadership Defined 258A Model of Adaptive Leadership 260Situational Challenges 261Leader Behaviors 263Adaptive Work 273How Does Adaptive Leadership Work?   Leadership: Skill or Process? The overlap between leadership and man-agement is centered on how both involve influencing a group of individualsin goal attainment.In this book, we discuss leadership as a complex process. According to Hale & Fields (2007), “servant leaders place the good of followers over their own self-interests and emphasize follower development.” There are three servant leader behaviors the US Army doctrine uses (e.g. Leadership Ethics 329Description 329Ethics Defined 330Level 1. Leadership Seventh Edition, To Laurel, Lisa, Madison, Scott, and Kallie, Leadership Theory and Practice • Seventh Edition Peter g.Northouse Western Michigan University, For information: Copyright  2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Although it is uncertain whether thesefindings apply to women as well, Smith and Foti suggested that these threetraits could be used to identify individuals perceived to be emergent leaders. Leadership Ethics 32914.  Perspectives of Leadership, 6  Leadership Theory and PracticeDefinition and ComponentsDespite the multitude of ways in which leadership has been conceptualized,the following components can be identified as central to the phenomenon:(a) Leadership is a process, (b) leadership involves influence, (c) leadershipoccurs in groups, and (d) leadership involves common goals. This viewpoint stresses the capabilities (knowledge andskills) that make effective leadership possible. According to Northouse (2016), “it means using actions and words that clearly demonstrate to followers that their concerns are a priority, including pacing followers’ interest and success ahead of those of the leader.” Based on multiple personal experiences in the infantry, I routinely saw lower ranking soldiers eating before senior leadership. Skills Approach 43Description 43Three-Skill Approach 44 Technical Skill 44 Human Skill 44 Conceptual Skill 45 Summary of the Three-Skill Approach 46Skills Model 47 Competencies 48 Individual Attributes 52 Leadership Outcomes 53 Career Experiences 54 Environmental Influences 55 Summary of the Skills Model 56How Does the Skills Approach Work? New York: Warner Books.Raven, B. H. (1965). 210Case 9.2 A Leader Under Fire 212Case 9.3 The Reluctant First Lady 214Leadership Instrument 217Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire 218Summary 220References 22110. Zaleznik suggested thatleaders, on the other hand, are emotionally active and involved. Other approaches toleadership define it as an act or a behavior—the things leaders do to bringabout change in a group.In addition, some define leadership in terms of the power relationship thatexists between leaders and followers. Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. In addition, the strengths andweaknesses of the adaptive leadership approach are examined, and a ques-tionnaire to help readers assess their own levels of adaptive leadership isprovided. Culture and Leadership 427Author Index 467Subject index 477About the Author 491About the Contributors 493, Detailed ContentsPreface xvii 1. Many people’s understanding of leadership: a synthesis and functional interpretation perspective suggests that certain people in our ofleadership! 1948 and 1970 justice climate as antecedents of unit-level organizational citizenship behavior a. 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